Single Line Diagram of an Electrical Substation and Its Components
A single line diagram (SLD) is a simplified graphical representation of an electrical substation power system. It shows how the main components are connected and operate to transform, measure, protect, and distribute electrical power. This diagram uses standardized symbols to represent actual electrical equipment in a clear and efficient manner.
Below are the technical functions of several key components typically shown in the diagram:
ACR (Automatic Circuit Recloser) / VCB (Vacuum Circuit Breaker) / ACB (Air Circuit Breaker):
These are circuit protection and switching devices used in power systems. Their function is to connect or disconnect electrical power, either manually or automatically, during abnormal conditions such as overcurrent or short circuits, in order to protect equipment and ensure system reliability.
PT (Potential Transformer) / Voltage Transformer:
This is an instrument transformer used to measure high voltages in the system. The PT steps down high voltage to a safe, standardized level suitable for metering, monitoring, and protection systems.
CT (Current Transformer):
An instrument transformer that converts high current in the power system into a lower, proportional current that can be safely measured or used as input for protection relays.
Arrester (Lightning Arrester):
A protective device designed to safeguard substation equipment from high-voltage surges caused by lightning strikes or switching operations by diverting surge currents safely to ground.
Capacitor Bank:
Used to improve the power factor of the electrical system and help maintain voltage stability.
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