Analog Input (Al)

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1. Analog Input (Al)

Direction: Field Device \right arrow Controller (PLC/DCS)




Analog inputs represent a continuous range of values.

They are used for measurements that aren't just "on or off" but require precision.

Standard Signal: 4-20 mA or 0-10 V.

Typical Devices: Pressure transmitters, temperature sensors (RTDs/Thermocouples), and flow meters.

Purpose: To tell the controller how much of something is happening (e.g., "The tank is at 65% capacity").

2. Analog Output (AO)

Direction: Controller (PLC/DCS) \rightarrow Field

Device

Analog outputs allow the controller to send a variable command to a piece of equipment to adjust its state.

Standard Signal: 4-20 mA or 0-10 V.

Typical Devices: Control valves (positioning), Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs) to set motor speed.

Purpose: To tell a device exactly what level to operate at (e.g., "Open this valve to exactly 30%").

3. Digital Input (DI)

Direction: Field Device \rightarrow Controller (PLC/DCS)

Digital inputs are binary. They only have two states: On (1) or Off (0). They are often referred to as "Discrete" signals.

Typical Devices: Push buttons, limit switches, flow switches, and proximity sensors.

Purpose: To tell the controller the status of a device (e.g., "Is the emergency stop button pressed?" or "Is the valve fully closed?").

4. Digital Output (DO)

Direction: Controller (PLC/DCS) \rightarrow Field Device

Digital outputs are commands from the controller to trigger an action that is either fully on or fully off.

Typical Devices: Solenoid valves (SOVs), motor starters, relays, and indicator lights.

Purpose: To switch equipment state (e.g., "Start the pump" or "Turn on the alarm light").

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